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Categorial meaning of English verbs, their lexical / grammatical subclasses and morphemic structure.
Categorial meaning – dynamic process, process developing in time Syntactic function – predicate The Grammatical Categories of the English Verb: § Person and number § Aspect § Tense § Voice § Mood Subclasses of verbs: Notional § Have full nominative value § Comprise an open class of words (Semi)functional § Have partial nominative value § Comprise a close class of words NOTIONAL VERBS 1) ACTIONAL -Denote the action of the active doer Physical -to write, to fight, to help Mental -To calculate, to compare Perceptual- To look, to listen, to smell 2) STATAL -Denote the action of the inactive experiencer Physical- to ripen, to deteriorate Mental - to understand, to forget Perceptual - to see, to hear, to smell The aspect features of verbal semantics: · durative / continual : continue, linger, last, live, exist · Iterative / repeated: reconsider, return · terminate / concluded: terminate, finish, end, close · interminate / non-concluded: live, study, think · instantaneous / momentary: burst, click, drop, fall · ingressive / starting: begin, start, resume · supercompleted : outgun, oversimplify · undercompleted: underestimate, undersleep The combinatory potential of the verb: · Transitive verbs take a prepositionless complement (the direct object) · Objective verbs combine both with the subject and the object · Intransitive verbs usually cannot take the direct object · Subjective verbs are connected to the subject only (SEMI)FUNCTIONAL VERBS -AUXILIARIES - build analytical forms of the notional verbs -MODALS - denote subject attitudes to the action -VERBID INTRODUCERS - introduce non-finite forms of the verb into the structure of the sentence -COPULAS - connect the nominative part of the predicate to the subject English verbal tense forms: 4 verbal tense forms: the present, the past , the future, and the future-in-the-past . Morphological categories of English verbs. According to different principles of classification, classifications can be morphological, lexical-morphological, syntactical and functional. A. Morphological classifications.. B. Lexical-morphological classification is based on the implicit grammatical meanings of the verb. According to the implicit grammatical meaning of transitivity/intransitivity verbs fall into transitive andintransitive. According to the implicit grammatical meaning of stativeness/non-stativeness verbs fall into stative and dynamic. According to the implicit grammatical meaning of terminativeness/non-terminativeness verbs fall into terminative and durative. This classification is closely connected with the categories of Aspect and Phase.
Status of future tense in English. The future tense forms: § Express relative time – posteriority in relation to either the present or the past: § 1) as an after-event in relation to the present: He will work tomorrow (not right now) § 2) as an after-event in relation to the past: He said he would work the next day. Status of shall / will, should / would: O. Jespersen and L.S. Barkhudarov, state that shall/will, should/ would are modals denoting intention, command, request, promise, etc. in a weakened form, e.g.: I’ll go there by train. = I intend (want, plan) to go there by train. On this basis they deny the existence of the verbal future tense in English. |
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