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Personal / Impersonal passive constructions
The verbs think, believe, say report, know, expect, consider, understand, etc. are used in the following passive patterns in personal and impersonal constructions:
REPORTED SPEECH Change of tenses When we report someone's words afterwards, the verb forms often move into the past. This is because what they said is now in the past.
Notice: a The changes in place and time references in the reported statements. here → there last year → the year before b Other modal verbs (would, could, should, ought, might) do not change in reported speech c The changes in pronouns used in reported speech.
Verbs and conjunctions used for reporting a In statements, say and tell are the most common reporting verbs. He said it was true. Not: He told it was true. He said it was true. Not: He said me it was true. He said to me (that) it was true. Not: He told tome (that) it wan true. These verbs can be followed by that, but it is not necessary. b In questions, ask and want to know are common reporting verbs. c In Yes/ No questions the verb is joined to the reported words with if or whether.
d In Wh- questions, we do not need if or whether. ‘What do you think?' → He asked me what I thought.
Word order in reported questions The word order in reported questions is the same as in normal statements. ‘Can you come early?’→ She asked if I could come early. ‘Did you see anything suspicious?’ → The police officer wanted to know if we had seen anything suspicious.
CONDITIONALS Conditionals are clauses introduced with if. There are three types of conditional clauses: Type 1, Type 2, and Type 3. There is also another common type, Type 0.
Type 0 Conditionals They are used to express something which is always true. We can use when (=whenever) instead of if. If/When the sun shines, snow melts. Type 1 Conditionals They are used to express real or very probable situations in the present or future. If he doesn’t study hard, he won’t pass his exam. Type 2 Conditionals They are used to express imaginary situations which are contrary to facts in the present and, therefore, are unlikely to happen in the present or future. If I got up earlier, I would not be late for classes. Type 3 conditionals They are used to express imaginary situations which are contrary to the facts in the past. They are also used to express regrets and criticism. If John hadn’t got up late, he wouldn’t have missed the train. |
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